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中國研究生信息網-復習指導_英語_[專題]圖片新聞
減小字體
增大字體Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity。
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science。
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________。
[A]sociology and chemistry
[B]physics and psychology
[C]sociology and psychology
[D]physics and chemistry
22. We can infer from the passage that _________。
[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________。
[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation
[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
24. The direct reason for specialization is _________。
[A]the development in communication
[B]the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
名師解析
21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.
19世紀專業化的發展在_______等科學領域容易看的更加清楚。
[A]sociology and chemistry 社會學和化學
[B]physics and psychology 物理學和心理學
[C]sociology and psychology 社會學和心理學
[D]physics and chemistry 物理學和化學
【答案】 D
【考點】 事實細節題。
【分析】 根據題干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“專業化要求更長時間、更復雜的培訓，給參與科學活動的業余人士帶來了更大的問題。在特別是以數學和實驗為基礎的那些科學領域里，這一傾向自然表現得最為明顯，英國地質學領域的發展充分地說明了這一點”。在這四個選擇項中，[A]、[B]、[C]都提到了“文科學科”，只有[D]選項中的“物理學和化學”均是“以數學和實驗作為基礎的科學”，因此可以推斷[D]選項符合原文，是正確答案。
22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 從本文可以推斷出______。
[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization
在專業化和職業化之間幾乎沒有區別
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
業余人士在某些領域和專業人士可以競爭
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
專業人士看上去是歡迎業余人士加入科學團體的
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
業余人士看起來只有全國性的學術協會，但是沒有地方性的學術協會
【答案】 B
【考點】 推斷題。
【分析】 選項[A]中提到“專業化和職業化之間幾乎沒有區別”，而實際上，它們指的是“不同的領域和方向”，“specialization”針對“研究對象”，“professionalization”針對“研究者”，因此可以排除。選項[C]說“專業人士看上去是歡迎業余人士加入科學團體”這種說法也是不對的，因為專業化的發展使得業余人士受到排擠。[D]選項明顯錯誤，因為文中提到“既有全國性的學術協會，又有地方性的學術協會”。第三段指出“局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被納入并反映出更廣泛研究框架的時候，才為專業人士所接受”。這說明，某些方面的研究是為專業研究者所認可的，同時說明了業余研究與職業研究并存的狀況。既然是并存的，就說明在某個地方是可以競爭的。因此選擇[B]。
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______。
作者提到地質學發展是為了說明______。
[A] the process of specialization and professionalization
專業化和職業化的過程
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
業余人士在科學研究方面的艱辛
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
科技出版政策的變化
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
職業人士對業余人士的歧視
【答案】 A
【考點】 作者目的題。
【分析】 根據題干“地質學發展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要講的是地質學的發展；以及第四段第一句“雖然職業化和專業化過程早在19世紀已在英國的地質學領域展開，但直到20世紀我們才看到其全面影響”，因此可以判斷這里的正確答案是[A]。[B]選項認為是“業余研究者在科學研究方面的艱辛”。例子中雖然提到了專業化給業余研究者帶來的不利影響. 但是從整體來看，那個不是重點，地質學的例子主要是為了說明“專業化和職業化過程的形成及其影響”。
24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成專業化的直接原因是_______。
[A] the development in communication 交流的發展
[B] the growth of professionalization 職業化的發展
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科學知識的擴展
[D] the splitting up of academic societies 學術團體的分化
【答案】 C
【考點】 事實細節題。
【分析】 本題要求考生找出現象間的因果關系。全文開篇就指出，“專業化過程可以被看做是對日益積累的科學知識的反應”。這句話的含義實際上就是“科學知識的積累促進了專業化”。因此可以判定[C]是正確選項。[A]選項是不對的，因為根據其中的“交流”一詞可以定位到第一段，文中提到“專業化影響了交流過程”，而不是反之。[B]不對，“專業化是隨著知識的進一步分類而產生的，是和職業化同時產生的”，不是其成因。[D]為專業化的結果。
難句解析：
1. Nevertheless, the word“amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values。
【結構分析】 本句的主句是“the word‘amateur’does carry a connotation”，后面有一個“that”引導的同位語從句，解釋“connotation”，而這個同位語從句中有兩個并列謂語。
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。
【結構分析】 本句的主干是“The trend was naturally most obvious… and can be illustrated…”。主語是“the trend”，兩個謂語部分為“was obvious”和“can be illustrated”。前一個部分中“based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training”是過去分詞做后置定語修飾“areas of science”。
3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century。
【結構分析】 本句的主干結構是“The overall result has been to do sth。”。逗號后面只是一個名詞性的短語，其關鍵詞是“a result”，是前面句子主語的同位語，在其內部主要是一個“that”引導的定語從句，而定語從句中又有兩個并列的狀語“first by..., and then by.。.”。
4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。
【結構分析】 這是一個并列句，由“whereas”(而)連接兩個分句，說明了兩種情況，前一個分句的主干是“A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists”，而后面說“the amateurs have tended either to remain…or to come…”。
全文翻譯：
專業化可被看作針對科學知識不斷膨脹這個問題所做出的反應。通過將學科細分為各個小的單元，個人能夠繼續處理這些信息并將它們作為進一步研究的基礎。但是專業化僅僅是一系列相關科學進步中影響交流過程的的一個。另一現象是科學活動的日益職業化。
在科學領域內，職業人士與業余人士之間沒有明確的區分：任何規律都有其例外。但是“業余”這個詞的確具有一種含義，即相關的那個人沒有完全融入某個科學家群體，尤其是他可能并不完全認同他們的價值觀。19世紀的專業化的發展，導致了對更長更復雜的訓練的要求，意味著業余人員進入科學界會遇到更大的困難。特別是在以數學和實驗室訓練為基礎的科學領域，這種傾向自然尤為明顯，這可以通過英國的地質學發展過程得到證實。
對過去一個半世紀的英國地質出版物所進行的比較表明不但人們對研究首要性的重視程度在不斷增加，而且對什么是可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。因此，在19世紀，局部的地質研究本身就代表了一種有價值的研究；而到了20世紀，如果局部的研究能夠被職業人員接受，那么它就必須結合和思考一個更加廣闊的地質面貌。另一方面，業余人員繼續以傳統方式從事局部的研究。結果，業余人員在職業化地質學雜志發表文章更加困難。審稿制度首先在19世紀的全國性雜志中實行，后來在20世紀一些地方性地質雜志中也開始實行，這使這個結果得到進一步加強。這樣發展的必然結果是出現了針對專業讀者和業余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導致職業地質學家聚集起來，形成一兩個全國性的團體，而業余地質學家則要么留在地方性團體中，要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體。
雖然職業化和專業化過程在19世紀的英國地質學界中已經得到迅速發展，但是它的效果一直拖到20世紀才充分顯示出來。然而，從整個科學來看，19世紀必須被視為科學結構發生該變化的關鍵階段。
