An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom / on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.(1999年真題)
【分析】句子主干是由divides...and...(使……對立)搭配連接而成。兩個those后面的分詞短語作定語修飾those。句子主干為：An invisible border divides those and those.
【翻譯】一種看不到的鴻溝，把那些主張為了學生有更好的職業前景而把電腦引入課堂的人和那些主張為了獲得徹底教育革新更廣泛理由而把電腦引入課堂的人的觀點對立起來。
Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction——indeed, contradiction——Which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign / to put computers in the classroom.(1999年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：Very few writers have explored this distinction. “on the subject”介詞短語作狀語修飾“very few writers”,“which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom”是定語從句修飾“this distinction”的。
【翻譯】很少有作者在這個問題上去探究這種差異，實際上，他們是互相矛盾的。而這種差異正是探究把計算機引入課堂運動問題的關鍵。
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. (1999年真題)
【分析】本句不難，重在對since引導從句的理解，這里since是表示因果關系的連詞，表示“因為……”，諸如此類比較隱蔽的因果關系的連詞還有as, as表示原因,可譯為“由于，鑒于”，如：As he was not well, I decided to go without him(因為他病了，我決定一個人去)。
【翻譯】但是，對于一小部分學生而言，職業培訓也許是一種很好的途徑，因為，在其他條件相同的情況下，擁有良好的技能對他們找工作結果的影響是不一樣的。
The fact / that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree / answered the question / he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. (1999年真題)
【分析】句子主干：The fact answered the question.“that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree”，“he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets”分別是the fact和the question的同位語，對其進行說明。
【翻譯】蘋果向下落到地面而不是向上飛到樹上，這一事實回答了他長期以來一直對天空中更大天體——月球和行星所存在的疑問。
It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists / who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there /should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. (1999年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.“who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there”是定語從句修飾“scientists”的。
【翻譯】審記員們完全有理由相信，那些確切地知道他們的目標和實現方法的科學家不應該由于一邊做著科學試驗一邊需要盯著經濟利益而分心。
The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring—means / that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India / compared to the tribes. (2000年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：The grand mediocrity of today / means that / natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India. “everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring”是插入部分，是對the grand mediocrity of today的一個補充說明。“compared to the tribes”分詞短語作狀語，修飾“that”引導的賓語從句，表示that引導從句所說明的情況在the tribes同樣地發生了。(這里注意compared to與compared with的區別。compared to側重于表達“相當于、等同于”的含義；compared with側重于表達“與……相比較”的含義。)
【翻譯】今天的普通大眾，每個人有著同樣生存機會和同樣數量的后代，這意味著，自然選擇在印度上流社會已經失去了80%以上的影響，在一些部落里情況也是一樣。
However amazed our descendants may be at / how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. (2000年真題)
【分析】該句理解難點在于分清however和how引導的是疑問句還是感嘆句。這里兩者引導的是兩個感嘆句充當狀語從句(however和how表示感嘆語氣“無論……”，只不過前者表達的語氣更加強烈些)。
【翻譯】不論我們的后代對我們距理想狀態之遙遠感到多么驚訝，他們的長相將和我們一樣。
In the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.(2001年真題)
【分析】對于if引導的狀語從句的理解方法，我們可以采用兩遍法。首先從主句到從句順讀一遍，然后先從if從句開始，再由從句到主句逆讀一遍，含義自然就明了(increasingly 越來越……)。
【翻譯】在20世紀，區域地質學研究只有在包含并思考范圍更廣泛的地質學問題時，才會越來越被專業人員所接受。(注：picture，這里是引申用法，指情況或研究的問題。)
For the women of my generation / who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s / is not so much a search / for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one /——as a personal recognition of your limitations. (2001年真題)
【分析】本句主干由not so much...as...(其準確的翻譯應為“與其……不如……”，而這種翻譯成中文之后通常讓人產生理解上的障礙。這種搭配出現在客觀試題的閱讀文章中，通常可以直接把它理解成“不是……而是……”，讓句意更加清晰)固定搭配連接構成的一個長句。定語從句“who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s”修飾“the women of my generation”。插入部分“growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one”，是對“the mythical good life”的具體說明。句子主干為：For the women of my generation is not so much a search for the mythical good life as a personal recognition of your limitations.
【翻譯】對于我們這一代曾在整個80年代為生活奔波的女性來說， 90年代中期過著放慢生活節奏的生活，與其說是追求神話般的美好生活——自已種有機蔬菜，冒著變得毫無生機的危險——倒不如說我們都認識到了自己的局限。(注：one指代vegetable，引申是精神上像植物一樣沒有生氣的人。)
Downshifting——also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—— has, ironically, even bred a new area of / what might be termed / anti-consumerism.(2001年真題)
【分析】由于插入成分，句子顯得稍長。對于有插入成分構成的長句，首先要忽略插入成分，直接理解主句，然后再理解插入成分。插入成分通常是對緊鄰的前一句內容的進一步說明，在理解插入成分時，應該結合所說明的內容一起理解。句子主干為：Downshifting has bred a new area of / what might be termed / anti-consumerism.
【翻譯】頗具諷刺意義的是，“放慢生活節奏”，在美國被稱為“甘愿簡樸”的生活方式居然產生出一個可稱為“反消費主義”的新領域。
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will / after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She / after a build up of stress, /that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, /and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and / social status. (2001年真題)
【分析】本句狀語較多，再加上多個并列動名詞短語充當賓語從句的主語，導致句式較長，難以形成連貫的語義。理解方法是學會斷句和抓主干。本句主干是由discovered后面帶一個賓語從句構成。主干為：I have discovered that / abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, /and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and / social status.“as perhaps Kelsey will”是伴隨狀語從句的主干，“after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She / after a build up of stress”是兩個并列介詞短語作狀語修飾“as perhaps Kelsey will”，“abandoning the doctrine of ‘juggling your life’, /and making the alternative move into ‘downshifting’”是兩個并列動名詞短語充當賓語從句的主語。
【翻譯】我發現，放棄那種“忙碌地應付生活”的信念而選擇“放慢生活節奏”會帶來比金錢和社會地位更大的回報。經受過長期巨大壓力，凱爾西從《女性》雜志編輯部退下來之后，恐怕她也將與我有同樣的發現。
I have been transformed from /a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey / for the past seven years / in the page of She magazine, into a woman / who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. (2001年真題)
【分析】本句是由transformed from...into...(從……轉變為……)固定搭配連接構成的長句。句子主干為：I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all” into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.“preached by Linda Kelsey”，分詞作定語修飾“the philosophy of ‘having it all’”。“who is happy to settle for a bit of everything”定語從句修飾“woman”。
【翻譯】我已經從 “擁有一切”哲學的積極倡導者，轉化成一個對一切淺嘗輒止就心滿意足的婦女。過去七年里琳達·凱爾西在《女性》雜志再三宣揚這種哲學。
It identifies the under-treatment of pain / and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures / that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” / as the twin problems of end-of-life care. (2002年真題)
【分析】本句主干部分是由identify...as...(把……識別為……)固定搭配連接構成的。同時identifies后面所接的兩個并列賓語成分(the under-treatment of pain，the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures)增加了句子的理解難度。句子主干為：It identifies the undertreatment of pain / and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures / as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 定語從句“that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”，修飾“the aggressive use of ‘ineffectual and forced medical procedures’”而不是“the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of ‘ineffectual and forced medical procedures’”，這里要學會對定語從句所修飾詞語范圍的限定，通常結合文中的句意來確定。
【翻譯】該報告把對病痛處理不力和堅持使用無效及強制性醫療手段從而有可能延長病人死亡時間，致使病人臨終時痛苦不堪，確定為臨終護理方面存在的兩大問題。
The American spymaster / who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II / and later / laid the roots for the CIA / was fascinated with information. (2003年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：The American spymaster was fascinated with information. “who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II / and later / laid the roots for the CIA”是定語從句，修飾“The American spymaster”。
【翻譯】這位在第二次世界大戰中建立了戰略情報局且后來為中央情報局奠定基礎的美國間諜頭子對信息收集非常癡迷。
Physicians——frustrated by their inability to cure the disease / and fearing loss of hope in the patient——too often offer aggressive treatment / far beyond what is scientifically justified. (2003年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：Physicians too often offer aggressive treatment.插入部分“frustrated by their inability to cure the disease / and fearing loss of hope in the patient”是分詞作定語，修飾physicians。介詞短語“far beyond what is scientifically justified”作定語修飾“aggressive treatment”。
【翻譯】內科醫生由于不能治愈疾病，同時擔心病人失去希望，常常采取極端大膽的治療方法，這些方法遠遠超出了科學許可的界限。
A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. (2005年真題)
【分析】句子主干：A bill is a promising start. “which would offer financial incentives for private industry”是修飾“a bill”的定語從句。
【翻譯】來自西弗吉尼亞州的民主黨參議員羅伯特·伯德提出的一項議案是一個很有希望的開端，該議案提出將對私人企業給予財政上的獎勵。
The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep——when most vivid dreams occur——as it is when fully awake.(2005年真題)
【分析】句子主干由as...as...(和……一樣……)固定搭配構成。句子主干：The brain is as active as it is when fully awake. 介詞短語“during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep”作狀語修飾“active”，時間狀語從句“when most vivid dreams occur”修飾“REM (rapid eye movement) sleep”。
【翻譯】大腦活動在眼球迅速運動的睡眠時期中同完全醒時一樣，最生動的夢境就出現在那時。
With much practice / people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. (2005年真題)
【分析】句子主干：people can learn to do it in their sleep.本句難點在于literally的理解，表示“客觀地，實際上”。“with much practice”，with引導的介詞短語作伴隨狀語，修飾整個句子。
【翻譯】多加練習的話，人們就真能在睡眠時控制夢境了。
American no longer expects public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. (2005年真題)
【分析】句子主干：American no longer expects public figures to command the English language with skill and gift.“whether...or...”引導狀語從句，表示“無論是……還是……”。
【翻譯】美國人不再指望公眾人物在演講或寫作中嫻熟地運用技巧和文采來駕馭英語。
John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. (2005年真題)
【分析】本句主干由see...as...(把……看作……)連接構成。句子主干：John McWhorter sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.“mixed liberal and conservative views”分詞短語作定語，修飾controversialist。
【·譯】約翰·麥克沃特是位喜歡爭辯的語言學家，他的觀點混雜著保守派與自由派的看法，他認為，20世紀60年代反文化傳統的得勢是造成正式英語水平下降的原因。
It’s not obvious / how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns / suits one to answer questions / that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.(2007年真題)
【分析】本句是一個結構比較復雜的表語從句。句中“how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns / suits one to answer questions”充當主句的主語，主語中的幾個不定式均是修飾the capacity，定語從句“that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers”修飾“questions”。本句的理解難點是one指定的判定。指代的判斷通常可以從兩個方面著手：一、指代前面的中心詞，二、與指代所在句子的并列結構。本句中我們可以確定one之前的中心詞是the capacity，兩者都是不定式結構，屬并列結構，因此，這里的one指代的是capacity。
【翻譯】對目標事物進行形象思維和推斷數字模型的能力，如何與解答那些難倒最有才氣的詩人和哲學家的問題的能力相匹配，這點并不明顯。
Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent--and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance--have jumped eightfold in just one generation. (2007年真題)
【分析】本句難點在于幾個詞匯的理解：work against表示“對……不利”、as作連詞可以表示因果關系，這里表示“因為”，odds表示“可能性、概率”。通常這些貌似熟悉的詞匯，一旦在句中出現其確切的含義會讓許多考生難以理解，因此考生在記單詞的時候一定要徹底弄懂這些熟悉但具體詞義不好把握的詞匯，這個可參看海文《2009考研英語易混超難詞匯特訓手冊》。
【翻譯】就連人口統計數據也對中產階級不利，因為家庭成員中有一個年老體弱的父母——以及其他需要物質和經濟救助的人——的可能性，在一代人的時間里就猛增了八倍。
【小結】從以上近20年來的閱讀真題中出現的長難句，我們可以看出，所謂的長難句其實并不難，它們基本上是由少數幾個常見的句型或固定搭配連接而成的。對于絕大部分考生來說，由于自身心態問題，以至于對長句產生恐懼，他們看到字數多一點的句子就不知所措。實際上，我們只需冷靜頭腦，從容應對，讀懂這些句子是不會有問題的。
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