詞匯的理解對
考研閱讀的意義不言而喻。但個別詞不認識并不妨礙理解，有時遇到生詞還要學會跳過去。除了其他破解詞義的方法外，根據上下文的線索尋找等價或反義結構是一個很有效的方法。所謂等價結構，就是意義相同的結構。而反義結構就是意義相反的結構。對文章中的一個部分不理解時，可以根據這一部分的上下文判斷意義。上下文有時和不理解的部分構成同義關系，不理解部分的意義就是上下文的意義。反之，上下文有時和不理解部分構成反義關系，那么，不理解部分的意義就是上下文意義的反面。等價結構包含多種，本文主要介紹并列結構。一般而言，并列結構常表示并列的兩部分意義相同。本文討論的反義結構主要是包含連詞如but， while等的結構，它們常表示兩部分意義相反。下面以2005年考研閱讀的文章為例說明如何根據等價結構或反義結構把握句子意義。
一、等價結構
Text 1（2005）
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as all too human, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[分析] 等價結構一：fat 呼應bigger
等價結構二：outraged=grievance（兩句之間是遞進結構）。
等價結構三：“all too human”=other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance（逗號之后為解釋）
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all， the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber， or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed， the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber （without an actual monkey to eat it） was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
[分析] 等價結構：resentment=Indeed之前句子所表達的意思，因為Indeed表示遞進。
Feelings of righteous indignation， it seems， are not the preserve of people alone.
[分析] 等價結構：preserve= alone（由not…alone結構可知）。
However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[分析] 等價結構：stems from=evolved（or連接并列結構）。
Text 3（2005）
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
[分析] 等價結構：harnessed=brought under conscious control（not only…but連接遞進結構）。
Text 4（2005）
Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change,and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”， for example， to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
[分析] 等價結構：no more regrettable=natural （and連接并列結構）
Equally,in poetry,the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.
[分析] 等價結構：genre=form（表語結構提示意義相同；實際上，genre與form之間是種屬關系，genre是一種form）
he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful
[分析] 等價結構：grieving=loss of something beautiful（對美麗事物的消失，一般應該感到惋惜，由此可知grieving的意思就是“惋惜”）。
二、反義結構
Text 1（2005）
when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers
[分析] 反義結構：separate 與adjoining意思相反（二者由but連接）
Text 4（2005）
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s.
[分析] 反義結構：elevated 與modestly意思相反（句首的while even提示相反意義）。
In both oral and written English， talking is triumphing over speaking， spontaneity over craft.
[分析] 反義結構：spontaneity 與craft意思相反（over連接兩個相對或相反的方面）。
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