凡事知易行難，了解重復的詞容易，但更為重要的是怎樣在真正的考場上來憑借自己的熟練的技能，在不參照輔導材料的時候，憑借對重復的深入洞察在陌生的文章中發掘中心詞和話題詞。抓重復的技能要掌握方法，才能熟能生巧，通過反復操練才能達到爐火純青的地步。我國著名的語言學家許國璋先生認為：“中西方的詞匯的銜接在于東方語言是簡單的單一重復，而西方的語言強調同義重現，詞形變化等多種重復。”詞匯的銜接是為了保持上下文的連貫性和一致性，一篇好的文章句子之間的重復的方式多種多樣，而句子之間的邏輯性很強，這種連貫往往是詞匯意義上的關系，而句子的語法只是增加語言表現力的一種手段而已。重復可以幫助讀者提高閱讀效率，更好的理解文章的思路和文章表面和內在的深刻含義。
一、掌握重復的靈活性，探究重復的方式。
Exercise：（文章的中心是熱帶雨林底層）
1……Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation,referred to as strata. 2. The lowest stratum is the under-story,composed of palms,herbaceous plants（such as wild ginger）,and saplings. 3. Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest under-story. 4.It is critical that this red coloring enables under-story plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich,green-foliaged canopy,the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. 5. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more mid-story strata,made up of woody plants,such as large shrubs and midsized trees. 6. People have different opinions on the protection of rain forest and some criticized the view that rain forest can be exploited and restructured all the time.
啟發思維：
這個段子由五個句子構成，每個都含有句子內部之間的重復詞。每個句子都是通過重復上個句子的詞項，后面的句子通過重復這個句子的詞項，這樣來維持句子之間的連貫性和一致性。段落的重復點可能很多，但段落的話題詞是每個句子都為之服務的。句子之間也有重復點，那是為了維持句際間的邏輯性。連續兩個句子要有三個詞項分別構成重復照應，才能構成有意義的重復。注意和首句有共同重復的點一定要做標記，因為這些詞才能對對該段的理解產生重要影響。我們下面介紹在語篇中最重要的幾種重復關聯模式，形式是一種載體，關鍵是承載的內容理解是很重要的。
1單一重復以及單復數變化
這種重復指的是詞性和詞型都不發生改變的重復方式，重復往往是文章的中心詞，該中心詞經常在段落的首尾出現。在每年考研四篇文章中，至少有兩篇文章是單一重復。當然這種重復還包括簡單的單復數變化。當然某些虛詞，比如冠詞，連詞，介詞，助動詞都不能算做重復詞。比如：句1中的strata和句2中的stratum，都是在講層次，前者是后者的復數。
句2和句3，句4中的under-story是典型的單一重復。
2.詞匯的同義重復
這種重復指的是在特殊語境下詞匯的同義轉述，某個詞項在語境中代替另外一個詞項，代替的詞項與原詞項意思相近，而且在表達方向上具有同一傾向性。有些詞的同義替換是意思相同，而且在任何語境下都能構成同義詞，叫做簡單的詞匯釋義。比如：句3中的capture和句4中的absorb.還有些詞匯和替換詞的意思有差別，但都是在描述同一個過程，而且在特殊語境下關系非常緊密，具有同一傾向，叫做復雜的釋義。比如成功和自信并不完全等同，但是在描寫成功法則的文章中，很顯然有自信的人才能成功，是特殊語境下的重復。在比如說一個人很好，在朋友眼里可能等于誠實；一個人很好，在父母眼里可能是孝敬；在領導眼里可能是進取；在生活伴侶眼里可能等于“討厭”（你真討厭！）比如句2中的herbaceous plants（such as wild ginger），and saplings與句5中的shrubs and midsized trees.都是在講植物，具有同一傾向，雖然植物的類型不同。
3.詞形以及詞性的變化
這種重復指的是詞根不變，通過詞的前后綴發生變化，而且要保證詞性變化后，單詞的意思維持以前的意思。雖然形式不同以及語法功能不同，但是詞素相同，詞義不變。比如：句1中的structure和句5中的restructuring有共同的詞素。但是句4的critical和句5中的criticized的詞素相同，但意思不同。Critical的意思是重要的，關鍵的。但是criticized的意思是批判。
4.上下義詞的重復
這種重復指的是一個主概念被切割成幾個子概念被分類論述，一個大的主題詞被分類，主題詞包含下面的分類詞，并于下下面的分類詞有共同的特征。句2的。Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more mid-story strata，made up of woody plants，such as large shrubs and midsized trees.中的熱帶雨林中間層包括很多不同種類的植物，包括woody plants，such as large shrubs（灌木叢）and midsized trees.中間層是上義詞，而不同種類的植物是下義詞。
5.代詞的還原
代詞分為人稱代詞，包括she，he，they；也包括指示代詞，this，that，those，these；不定代詞包括do（it/so，such/the same），the one當指代上文時，也作為不定代詞出現。
6.下定義來解釋關鍵詞
對某個關鍵詞通過下定義來解釋，句4的green-foliaged canopy，the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees，在解釋canopy說的是傘狀的雨林的高層。
二、正確答案往往是段落重復兩次以上的話題詞
上一節是告訴讀者重復的方式，了解重復的方式是提高抓住重復的效率的重要方針。但考生不需要太過于機械化的查找重復，不需要只注意到重復的方式，方式只不過是語法意義上的詞匯銜接手段，最重要的是內容，有些細節可能也在重復，但關鍵是看首句的話題，以及到底哪個話題是該段重復率最高的，到底哪個重復詞在該段反復被細節所支持，這才是關鍵。這節有三十個訓練，通過近十年真題的經典自然段的分析來掌握重復詞，所謂熟能生巧，理論上的東西脫離實踐是無源之水，無本之木。
所以在自然段中反復練習，才能對這個理論達到一種內化的境界，最后考生的感覺應該是主動，積極，愉快地查找重復詞，并在做與該題相關的題時，牢牢抓住重復詞來對答案進行去粗取精，排除答案是與出題者斗智斗勇的過程。
Exercise：（以下都是歷年來段落重復的最完美體現，段落的重復是識別正確答案的武器）
1. As a result，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics，there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.（02年的passage2）
The word“gizmos”（line 1，paragraph 2）most probably means.
[A]programs.[B]experts.[C]devices.[D]creatures.
解析：選擇[B]。首句中的“gizmos”被后面分類論述，分別是工廠，銀行，醫院中的機器人。所以gizmos指的是機器人，意思是設備。
2.Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the“great game”of espionage——spying as a“profession.”These days the Net,which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail,is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.（03年passage 1）
The emergence of the Net has
[A]. received support from fans like Donovan.
[B]. remolded the intelligence services.
[C]. restored many common pastimes.
[D]. revived spying as a profession.
解析：internet——net，espionage——spying，re-made——reshaping——B. remolded，都是再說重新塑造。其中D的干擾性很大，文章談到了間諜，但是恢復間諜服務和原文的重新塑造間諜服務的意思有很大的差距。
3. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree？Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things，you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals,but history is filled with examples of it.（99年passage 5）
The author asserts that scientists __
[A] shouldn't replace“scientific method”with imaginative thought
[B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D]should be confident about their research findings
解析：選擇[ B]，段落的結尾的this要還原，意思是上文的unpredictable（不可預測性），意思是科學家在寫一成不變的報告時經常忘記不可預測性。不可預測性在重復，所以選[B]科學家不應該忽視研究不可預測性。
4.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief,but the process is expensive,time consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.（2003年passage 3第3段）
It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
解析：charge——overcharged——C. overcharged，都是在說費用高，而B，D根本就沒有這個詞。段落的最后談到了由于費用過高，所以上訴要求下調費用，但最終并未成功。A的意思是托運者將來只為一家鐵路公司，而原文的意思是現在只有一家鐵路公司，時態不一致。
5. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process：falling transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer's demands. All these are beneficial,not detrimental,to consumers. As productivity grows,the world's wealth increases.（01年passage 4）
According to the author，one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is _________.
[A]the greater customer demands
[B]a surplus supply for the market
[C]a growing productivity
[D]the increase of the world's wealth
解析：選擇[B]，首句提出了在兼并背后最主要的推動力，后面分析的推動力很多，其中最重要的是滿足顧客的需求，擴大和顧客這兩個關鍵詞單一重復。
6. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole,despite its brightening fortuning fortunes still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another,with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bids by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million,less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill？Many captive shippers fear that they will,as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.（03年passage 3）
According to the text，the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
[A]. the continuing acquisition. [B]. the growing traffic.
[C]. the cheering Wall Street. [D]. the shrinking market.
解析：選擇[A].這道題問的是主要原因，一定是該段的主題詞，這段主要是在分析鐵路托運費用上漲的原因，其中談到了[B].變化的交通，[C].華爾街的支持，都是費用上漲的原因，但[B].變化的交通，是投資的原因。[C].華爾街的支持，是貸款的原因，這些次要的原因。而真正的根本原因是[A].持續的兼并，acquire上下文重復兩次。
7.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.（02年passage 1第4段）
To achieve the desired result，humorous stories should be delivered.
[A]in well-worded language.
[B]as awkwardly as possible.
[C]in exaggerated statements.
[D]as casually as possible.
解析：選擇[D]，這道題問的是幽默故事應該如何被制造。casual——natural——light-hearted，
8.What they found,in attempting to model thought，is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability，and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.（02年passage 2第5段）
The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
[D]best used in a controlled environment.
解析：選擇[C]。題干問用猴子的例子證明機器人如何，猴子的例子是為了首句中的觀點，觀點是人的大腦比機器人更加智慧，“人的大腦”在反復重復，言外之意就是機器人沒有人的大腦智慧。
9.To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure-including roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now？The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you're going to be. That doesn‘t mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.（01年passage 2）
The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.
[A]providing financial support overseas
[B]preventing foreign capital's control
[C]building industrial infrastructure
[D]accepting foreign investment
解析：選擇[D]。美國的例子是為了證明首句的主題，主題詞是外國投資，本段在講外國投資的好處，不應該把外國投資看成殖民主義。
10. Consumers say they're not in despair because，despite the dreadful headlines，their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan，“there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range,predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses，”says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco,prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.“Instead of 20 to 30 offers，now maybe you only get two or three'”says john Deadly,a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.（2004年的passage 1）
When mentioning“the $4 million to $10 million range”（Lines 3-4，Paragraph 3）the author is talking about.
[A] gold market. [B] real estate.
[C] stock exchange. [D] venture investment.
解析：選擇[B].本題是例證題，問的是用400萬到一千萬美金來證明什么。這是已知論據求論點，從題干中出發在原文定位，原句是“there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range，predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses，”意思是在400萬到1000萬美金之間有一種新的淘金熱。淘金熱只是一種現象，所證明的觀點應該看上面的句子，上文說房產價格保持穩定，所以證明的觀點是買房子。房地產在該段是反復重復的話題詞。而[C]股票，[D]風險投資并不是購買的對象，而且上下文只出現一次。
11. Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers？The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.（01的passage 3）
What is the passage mainly about？
[A]needs of the readers all over the world
[B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C]origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D]aims of a journalism credibility project
解析：選擇[B]。this painful question指的是上文的問題，即美國人為什么不相信報紙。
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