語篇中心詞和段落話題是文章的精髓
1.考研英語和四級有很大的區別:四級是掃描性閱讀,強調對細節化信息的準確定位和事實理解。而考研英語強調對文章的宏觀性的語篇層次的理解,講究考生不僅要定位文章的總要信息,而且不局限于單詞和句子的字面性意思的理解,考察考生對上下文的中心詞以及段落話題理解。只有理解這些宏觀信息,才對文章的理解高屋建瓴,才能理解文章的整體行文思路,多義詞意思的判定以及提高效率,忽略無效信息。
2.考點設置:考研英語大綱中反復強調上下文的一致性和連貫性的理解,而且從測試角度來說,考研英語的宏觀題居多,比如推理題,例證題,作者觀點題。這些題的正確的答案都是跟文章的中心和段落的話題有直接或間接的關系。
3.中心詞的查找方法:中心詞的建立是靠細節和事例來支持的,讀者理解中心是個自上而下的過程,而且讀者有了最基本的詞匯和語法知識,需要通過在文章的特殊語境下解讀這些信息,通過在語篇層次上把握這些信息的內在聯系,分析文章的中心。由于考研閱讀的試題具有宏觀性,所以通過查找題干和選項的反復重復的詞可以看出,當然最重要的手段還是精讀文章的首段和每段的首句。
一、把握段落話題提高語篇分析能力和正確答案的識別
自然段的話題是為文章服務的,一篇文章通常是圍繞一個大的中心展開,同樣段落也是圍繞一個話題展開。段落內部的詞匯,短語,小句,復雜句是為了支持首句的段落話題服務。同樣,段落的話題相對于宏觀的中心是微觀的,也被中心所制約,控制和支配。只有把握好段落的話題,才能對段子的句子和句子的之間的關系有所把握,對段落的行文方式有更好的理解,對預測下文的信息也有幫助。更重要的是,由于正確答案在經常在考察段落的話題,所以可以通過重復來查找話題的行文軌跡,從而把握正確答案的范圍,幫助讀者在理解文章的情況下快速閱讀段子中間的細節,鎖定段落的核心價值。
Exercise :(文章的主題是“夢以及夢的控制”,選自2005年考研閱讀真題第三篇)
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears. By the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. By the late 1970s researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”。 And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's you r dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it, change it.”
本段話題: 夢是否被控制 關鍵詞: unconscious和conscious control,講對夢的認識是從無意識到一種有意識的行為。
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all part s of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr William Dement.
本段話題:大腦中的情感中樞。關鍵詞:emotional
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright 's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing g toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
本段話題:情感與夢的關系。關鍵詞:emotional
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
本段話題:有意識控制夢的方法。關鍵詞:conscious
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
本段話題:消極情感的消除方法 關鍵詞:bad feelings
1. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A]. can be modified in their courses.
[B]. are susceptible to emotional changes.
[C]. reflect our innermost desires and fears.
[D]. are a random outcome of neural repairs.
2. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A]. its function in our dreams.
[B]. the mechanism of REM sleep.
[C]. the relation of dreams to emotions.
[D]. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.
3. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A]. aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B]. develop into happy dreams.
[C]. persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D]. show up in dreams early at night.
4.Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A]. Waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.
[B]. Visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.
[C]. Dreams should be left to their natural progression.
[D]. Dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.
5. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?
[A]. lead your life as usual.
[B]. Seek professional help.
[C]. Exercise conscious control.
[D]. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
啟發思維:
這篇文章的整體感很強,整個文章圍繞夢這個主題詞展開非常深入的論述,其中重要的關鍵詞是“dream”, “conscious control”, “bad feelings”,文章的開頭部分在通過人物的觀點對比來說明夢是可以控制的,中間部分是在講為什么夢是可以控制的,結尾部分是在說如何解決問題,也就是如何控制做噩夢。
文章的結構是觀點論證。第一段通過三個時間 “the late 1970s” “a century ago” “now”表明人對夢的認識的變化, 即從無意識到有意識。二,三兩段用情感與夢的關系證明為什么說夢是可以控制的,是總分的寫作手法。最后兩個自然段傾向于解決問題,即談如何控制噩夢。第四段講講如何控制做噩夢的兩個方法,第五段談如何控制噩夢所產生的消極情感。
答案注釋:
1. [答案][A]
[分析] 考察第一段的重復的中心詞,可采取排除法。這完全從篇章的開頭和結尾強調重復說明夢是可以控制的,選A.而[C]是在講Freud的觀點,[D]是neurologist的觀點,并非是researchers的觀點。
2.[答案] [C]
[分析] 這是一道推理判斷題。作者提到夢和情感之間是有關系的,情感是段落的重點,選[C]。 [B]的干擾性很大,文章雖然談到了REM (rapid eye movement) sleep,但是沒有談它的原理,另外這種睡眠文章只談到一次,沒有反復重復,應該當作細節詞處理。[D]也談到了prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning),但并沒有談它與夢的區別,也沒有被上下文反復重復,同樣可以不選。
3.[答案][D]
[分析] 這是一道事實細節題。題干中的the negative feeling 以及generated在文章第三段第 二句中找到相對應的表述。這句話的大意是“關于大腦白天產生的一些消極因素極可能是其前半夜的夢境中有所反映,但繼而會逐漸被更加香甜的夢所取代。”選項(D)show up in drea ms early at night(噩夢對人腦的消極作用會在前半夜里顯示出來)與原文表述一致,為正 確選項。
4.[答案][D]
[分析] 這是人物觀點題。Cartwright觀點的表述主要集中在文章的中間部分,通過分析這一部分內容,可以發現文章第四段首句“And this process need not be left to the un conscious.”便是此題的答案,另外“concious”這個詞在該段反復被重復,很顯然是該段的主題詞,所以很容易成為正確答案,因此判斷選項[D]夢并非全部屬于潛意識范疇是正確答案。這道題的[A]過于絕對,文章是說了起床時控制噩夢的一種方法,沒有說是essential(必不可少的),把文章的可能性說成必然性。
5.[答案][A]
[分析]通過對題干的分析,可以推論其中的might一詞暗示這是一道推理判斷題。在文章最后 一段中作者談及神經醫生Cartwright 的一些觀點。在分析語篇后可以發現題目的答案線索 不是最后一段的倒數第二句話,而是根據文章的最后一段的最后一句話sleep-or rathe dre am-on it and you will feel better in the moring中的on一詞暗含了順其自然的意思即 我們無意過分擔心夢對我們的影響。換句話說,保持正常的生活狀態即可。由此,選項(A )lead your life as usual是正確選項。這道題[B]尋求專家意見干擾性大,指的是經常做噩夢的人的情況。
參考譯文:
在良好的睡眠組成部分中,夢似乎在我們的最不可能被我們控制的。在夢中,一扇窗戶向這樣一個世界打開:邏輯是中止的,死的人也說話。 在一個世紀以前,佛洛伊德制定了他的革命理論:夢是我們的無意識的欲望和恐懼所投射的被忽視的陰影。 在70年代后期,神經學者已經轉變想法,認為他們是“ 大腦的噪音 ”-在睡眠期間繼續的神經- 修理工作的任意副產品。在70年代后期之前,研究人員懷疑夢是當大腦“ 脫機” 的時候所產生的自動調溫器的部份, 可以管理心情。而且權威人士說,這些強烈有力的大腦的圖象可能是不但可以約束的而且實際上是在有意識的控制之下, 幫助我們睡覺而且覺得舒服多了,“ 這是你的夢 ” 在芝加哥醫學的中心心理學的主任羅莎琳德說。 “ 如果你不喜歡它,改變它。”
來自大腦的圖像的證據支持這種看法。 頭腦同樣地在 REM(迅速的眼睛運動) 期間是活躍的睡眠-當最生動的夢發生的時候-正如它是完全醒的時候。 匹茲堡的大學的醫生艾力克說。 但并不是所有大腦的部份同樣地被牽涉。邊緣葉系統 ( “情感大腦”) 尤其活躍, 當大腦的外皮 (智力和推論的中心) 相對地是安靜的時候。 史丹福睡眠研究員威廉醫生 Dement 說:“我們從夢醒來-快樂的或沮喪的, 而且那些感覺整天能在我們生活出現。”
在夢和情緒之間的聯系在Cartwright的臨床研究出現。 大多數的人夜晚初期似乎做比較差勁的夢, 并一直做下去,直到睡醒前的較快樂的一些情感出現。這表明這些夢正在解決在那期間產生的不良的感覺。 因為我們的有意識的思想被每日的生活占據,所以我們沒有時間總是想白天的事件與情緒相關的重要性-直到它出現,我們開始做夢。
而且這一個過程不需要被人認為是無意識的。Cartwright相信,不斷練習有意識的控制可以回想的差勁的夢。 一旦你被喚醒,一定要看看夢中的什么事情讓你傷心。 看你如何想要它如何結束; 下回再發生,試著僅僅醒來就可以控制它的過程。 通過很多的練習人,逐漸地就可以在睡夢中控制它。
在一天結束的時候, 或許幾乎沒有理由注意我們的夢,除非他們防止我們睡覺,或者讓 “ 我們在一陣恐慌方面醒來 ”。Cartwright說,恐怖主義,不安全的經濟不確定性和如此的痛苦感覺已經增加人的焦慮。蒙受連續的噩夢的人應該尋求來自治療師的幫忙。對于我們的其余的人來說,大腦可以自然解決差勁的噩夢。 睡眠—或者做夢-并帶著夢來睡覺,在早晨起來將會覺得舒服多了。
復習指導:
首段的話題詞往往是文章的中心詞,考研的試題一般是順序原則,即出題的順序和文章話題的順序一致,有些題可能顛倒順序,但順序原則是考研閱讀的主流,所以在做每道題時要注意針對的文章中心還是段落話題,到底在考察哪個段落話題。當某個選項可能是重復詞,但并不是針對這道題的要求,比如第5題的C. Exercise conscious control是第四段的主題,并非是第五段的主題,所以弄清題干的要求很重要。
段落可能有很多重復點,那么話題詞到底是什么,應該是重點看段落的首句的重復詞以及段落中間的轉折處,不要認為一個單詞出現兩次就一定是重復的話題。
注意通過抓住重復可以迅速忽略中間的細節,讀中間的細節應該速度加快,因為閱讀的重點并非細節,而是段落的話題。
二、文章的中心詞帶動段落話題的理解
中心詞對話題詞往往是支配作用,中心詞通常是在首段和每個自然段的首句重復出現。很多題表面看是考細節,但實際上就是在變相的考中心詞。所以抓住字里行間重復的中心是檢驗答案的有效武器。有的文章是單一重復一個中心詞,文章是圍繞一條主線來寫作。但有些文章既談客觀中心詞,又談主觀中心詞(對客觀對象的看法),這些文章是圍繞兩條線來寫作。所以要注意區分客觀中心和主觀中心,主觀中心往往是作者的看法,客觀中心是作者議論的靶子。所以考生應該識別主觀中心。 主觀中心往往包含作者的情感色彩,比如說“overlook”, “emhasize”, “opitmistic”, “pessimistic”, “panic”, “objective”, “cautious”等等(比如說“忽視”,“重視”,“樂觀”,“悲觀”,“恐慌”,“客觀”,“謹慎”)
Exercise:( 文章的客觀中心為字母歧視,主觀中心為忽視,也就是被大家忽視的字母歧視,其中五道題都在考這個關鍵詞,選自2004年的考研閱讀題第2篇。)
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
本段話題:字母歧視(客觀),忽視(主觀)(也是文章的中心詞) 關鍵詞:alphabetism, unaware
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
本段話題:忽視(主觀) 關鍵詞: less well known.注釋: It has long been known that……指的是大家的觀點,作者寫文章時標新立異,所以這種句型的觀點通常是批判性的,也就是說“A cars 比 Zodiac cars”有優勢是批評的。 “suspiciously”意思是不敢相信,也是在講人們由于對這種現象的忽視而導致的,所以也可以幫助大家理解“忽視”這個詞。
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi)。 The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht)。
本段話題:成功人士和姓名字母靠前 關鍵詞:richest, surname
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
本段話題:老師忽視了字母歧視 關鍵詞:teachers, insensitive=less individual attention,注意否定前綴詞是主觀情感詞。
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
本段話題:講Zysmans的不幸經歷還在持續。關鍵詞:humiliation,后面是分類論述將不幸的例子,實際也是在說Zysmans的不幸經歷被人所忽視。
1. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous bias.
[C] A type of personal prejudice.
[D] A kind of brand discrimination.
2. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoě Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
3. The 4th paragraph suggests that
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight.
4. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZ Z” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C] They are feeling humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word puzzles.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often illtreated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
啟發思維:
注意文章的中心不僅是被同義替換,而且被下文的細節不停解釋,話題詞是為了中心詞服務的,文章的前兩段是在講字母歧視被人們所忽視,第三段是從反面舉例證證明很多成功人士的姓名的開頭字母都是在字母表的上半區。最后兩段是通過講Zysman的不幸經歷來證明姓名開頭字母靠后面的人在學校和社會都被歧視。
答案注釋:
1.[答案][A]
[分析]這是一道例證題,涉及作者提及AAAA和Zodiac公司的意圖,意圖在 第一 段。例證題是通過論據來證明論點,所以不能選擇論據本身的內容,論點通常在論據的上方,因為論據在第二段的首句,所以論點在第一段的末句。選擇時仍然圍繞中心詞“歧視”和“忽視”來選擇。
理解第一段后可知A項(是為了闡述一種被忽視的不平等現象)為正確答案 .
2.[答案][D]
[分析] 這是一道推論題。綜合前三段,可以認為:有些歧視現象令人難以察覺。D項符合此意,為正確答案。 注意[D]的too subtle to recoginze 表示否定,是說難以認識到,最接近文章的中心“忽視”,而[A]意思是名字對成功必不可少,過于絕對,文章說有些人成功又有好名字,沒有說所有人都這樣。[C]的意思是顧客重視公司的名字,很顯然偏離中心,文章講的是忽視。
3.[答案][C]
[分析]這是一道推論題,問第四段暗示了什么。第四五六句暗示,老師對學生的歧視不敏感,言外之意是老師應該多關注學生,注意選項情感動詞的使用,“should”表示應該做的事情并沒有做。[B]學生逃脫上課,文章說了逃脫,但賓語是逃脫被提問,這種錯誤是邏輯錯誤,保留了原文的關鍵詞,但在賓語做了手腳。
4.[答案][B]
[分析]這是一道句意題。在英文中,ZZZ常被用來描述人打瞌睡時發出的聲音,因此,該句句意為B(他們就睡著了)。A是一個干擾性很強的選項,意思與上下文連貫,按一般的句意題設計規律,其實也可接受。選B不選A,跟本篇閱讀文章的命題者的命題 習慣有關。
5. [答案][D]
[分析] 這是一道是非判斷題。綜合全文,不難發現 D項(按字母順序排列 一切會導致意想不到的歧視)為正確答案。“unintentional” 的意思是無意識的,最接近文章中心詞 “忽視”,而[A]姓名的字母排列是N-Z的人經常被歧視,過于絕對應該加上“有些人”來限制,更加符合原文。同樣,[B]西方世界的重要人物從字母歧視中受益,也過于絕對,應該是“有些人”。[C]消除字母歧視有很長路要走,文章根本沒有提及。
參考譯文:
過去一百年中,各種不公正和歧視要么遭到譴責,要么被視為非法,(46)然而,有一種歧視 卻潛伏下來,繼續蔓延,那就是:字母主義。許多人迄今還不了解這種現象,它指的是姓氏 首字母位于字母表下半部分的人們所遭受的歧視。
眾所周知,當顧客翻尋電話號碼簿的時候,名為AAAA的出租車公司就比名叫Zodiac的公司占 有優勢。有一點還不太為人所知,Adam Abbott在生活中比Zoe Zysman擁有優勢。英文名在 字母表中前后分部均勻,但許多上層人士的姓的首字母都在A至K之間,令人感到離奇。
因此,美國總統和付總統的姓名分別為B和C;喬治。布什的前任中(包括其父)有26位的姓在 字母表的上半部,只有16位在字母表的下半部。更令人稱奇的是,七大工業國的七位首腦中 有六位的姓在字母表上位列上部(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien, Koizumi )。世界三大央行行長(Greenspan, Duisenberg, Hayami)也是如此,即使其中一位用的 是日本字。世界五位首富(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison,Albrecht)也是一樣。
這難道只是一個巧合?有一種理論(那些字母表上列位不佳者閑時構造出來的)認為情況從 一開始就很糟。(48)早在幼兒學校的第一年,老師就按字母順序給學生排座位,以便能記住 孩子們的名字,因此,近視眼小日斯曼(Zysman junior)就永遠坐后排,并且很少被那些 粗心的教師提問,而這些提問對孩子的成長有益。當時,那些姓氏字母不佳的孩子會為逃避 提問而暗自慶幸,但結果是使他們素質欠佳,因為他們得到的個人關注少,在公眾場合說話 也信心不足。
這種不幸還在持續。大學畢業典禮上,姓氏為ABC字母的學生首先得意洋洋的拿到獎狀,輪到Zysman的時候,(49)多數人都在打瞌睡了。就業面試,選舉投票,會議發言或列席等諸多表格,也都是按字母順序排序,人們費勁地翻閱,越往后翻興趣也越少。
Exercise:(本文的客觀中心是經濟衰退,主觀中心是人們樂觀)