| 第一部分語言知識運用
這一部分主要考四方面的內容：
一是近義詞的用法區別和比較，這主要包括名詞和動詞以及形容詞和副詞。如：區別justify, rectify, testify, identify和intensify等詞。
二是語義轉換詞的使用，表轉折的如：however, yet和but的用法。表順承的如：furthermore, in addition和besides等。
三是考查詞匯的生成知識,如in the company of等同于and或at the same time ,這個短語的理解是基于考生必須明白company來源于accompany。如accommodate這個詞,考生必須明白它來自于ac+com+modate所以意思是適合、適應。
四是考查介詞的使用，英語中的介詞雖然數量有限，但是用法相對比較靈活，考生必須知道它們的準確語義。如：against, for和beyond的用法。
第二部分閱讀理解
一、閱讀題解法
閱讀理解部分去年新增設“選擇搭配題”，即在一篇總長500-600詞的文章中有5段空白，文章后有6-7段文字，要求考生根據文章內容從這6-7段文字中選擇能分別放進文章中5個空白處的5段，使原文上下文語義連貫、邏輯通順。今年大綱中又增添了3種類似的題型以供選擇，在真正的考試中只采用這四種題型中的一種，仍然是每題2分，共10分。由于考生對于新題型的陌生，缺乏符合新題型的閱讀材料，使得這一部分的復習難度加大。為了解決這個問題，下面對大綱中提供的原題型進行分析，希望能夠幫助考生熟悉題型，在考試中避免由于不熟悉題型而丟分的現象。由于樣題1去年已經考過，該題型的涉及范圍也很廣了，所以在此不多說，直接從樣題2開始。
Sample 2
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragrphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
［A］“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget cruch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t —it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.”
［B］“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their carrer it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed. ”
［C］“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.”
［D］“some people have suggested a number of thinglike using conviction records as a performance reiterion. However, we know that’s not fair-too many wther things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork does’t necessary mean you you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”
［E］“the problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. ”
［F］“So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”
［G］A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and /or executives of various to be discussed was motivation-how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→
F
分析：
該題型是由一篇完整的文章構成，但是被分解為7個部分，其中開始和結尾部分已經給出，所以在做此題時，首先要注意出題者已經提供的開始和結尾部分，開始段落經常會提供材料的內容方向，所以為了節省時間，考生在考場上要首先閱讀該選項以獲得信息的最大化。第一個選項經常是提出問題，或者對問題的進一步闡述，那么不同的段落之間具有一定的邏輯關系，所以考生需要對五個段落開頭以及結尾部分特別注意。例如，在該題中，很明顯C時提出問題，E項則是對該問題的進一步完善，接著說出作者的疑問即A項。本套試卷后面部分提供了多套練習題，包括對科技新聞的報道以幫助考生熟悉多種文體的邏輯關系。正確答案為：CEABD
Sample 3
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume-descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those un-requested “tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers
(41) Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
(42) Sell what youcan do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many prople cluch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.
(43) Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”
(44) Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
(45) Never apologize:
if you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother;it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the fob, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, once you discover pattern, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’re ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. when you’re satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth dong right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?
［A］A women who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: “Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”
［B］One resume I received included the following: “Invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 percent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”notice how this women focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward-all in 34 words.
［C］For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money skills.
［D］An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn though not so well educated”.
［E］One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different syles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
［F］A woman once told me about a cash-flow crosos her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered, “It wasn’t important.” What she was really saying of course was “I’m not important.”
分析：
本題型是首先給出了文章的意圖，給出了5個建議，然后考生根據這5個建議選擇合適的例子給與支持。但是出題者提供了6個例子，需要考生進行篩選。本題型與上種題型所需要的技巧是不一樣的，本題5個部分之間是沒有必要聯系的，可以說在某種程度上是獨立的，所以考生應該先做自己有把握的，容易的。例如，在本題中第44題和第45題，都比較簡單，可以馬上識別是A和D, 然后再篩選做前3個。正確答案為：FCBAD
Sample 4
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
［A］ What to do as a student?
［B］ Various definitions of plagiarism
［C］ Ideas should always be sourced
［D］ Ignorance can be forgiven
［E］ Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
［F］ The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appreciation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalities for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ idears and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation - note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography - are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them.”the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
分析：
該題型也是由一篇文章組成，文章也分割成7個部分，但只有5個題，同時給出6個選項。開頭和結尾部分仍然是提供必要的信息，文章中的5個段落都可以表達一個完整的意思，相互間也沒有什么太大聯系。該題型與題型3所考的技巧很相似，比較而言要容易些，考生只要對5個段落認真地閱讀，不難會發現答案，同樣先選擇自己有把握的題項。大綱所提供的材料是關于剽竊的問題，這5個問題相對比較容易，在此不作具體分析了。
正確答案為：FADCE
以上我們簡單分析了對新大綱新題型的解題方法，而對于比較常規的閱讀題，我們則可以采用以下辦法：
絕招1.妙指回春法
題型特點：
這種題的題干往往是不完整的句子，而選項往往是短語形式，根據題干的關鍵詞在文中總能找到一個代詞，則這種題用妙指回春法來解題。
解題思路：
這種題往往是根據題干的核心詞在文中找到相應的含有代詞句子，然后往前讀一句話，看哪一個選項跟前面一句話的語義相近，則這個選項就是答案。
1.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics. (1996, Passage 4，54題)
2. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers . (1997, Passage 2，57題)
3.In the view of Net purists,.(1999,Passage 2，57題)
4. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .（2002，Text4，60題）
絕招2.是非顛倒理解法
題型特點：
文中往往用假設的方式出現，而選項往往用斷言的形式出現，正確答案的選項所表達的意思是文中假設條件句后面主句語義的反面，且多以否定形式出現。
解題思路：
正話反說指文中用肯定的假設方式表述，而正確答案選項用否定形式。也就是說，當一個題針對文中的部分用假設的形式表述出來，而在題干中沒有了假設的條件而只給出結果，則選項應該是不確定的、拿不準的選項。
5. The author asserts that scientists.(1999年68題)
6. The author implies that the results of scientific research.(1999年70題)
7 .The selection of medical professionals are currently based on.(1995年65題)
絕招3.近義替換法
題型特點：
近義替換方法每年在考研真題中都能用上，并且這個類型的考題每年都有至少1-2個，近年來這種考題已經從原來的單個短語的近義替換考查發展到較復雜結構的短語語義替換考查。
解題思路：
對這種題，考生要緊緊抓住題干的關鍵詞或關鍵短語，找到文中這些詞或短語出現的地方，從而考查哪一個選項是文中相應的句子的近義短語。如果有近義短語，則這個近義替換的選項就是答案。
8.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life careis .(2002年58題)
9.The direct reason for specializationis.（2001年54題）
10.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.(1999年55題)
11 . According to the author, basic computer skillsshould be.(1999年62題)
12.Futurists claim that we must.(2000年61題)
絕招4.首段主題句破題法
首句破題法：
題型特點：
一個文章后面的第一個題是細節題，則往往是考查考生對首段首句的理解。哪一個選項跟首句的語義一致,則這個選項就是答案。
解題思路：
當發現首句結構比較復雜，或者首句比較簡練而含有難以理解的詞匯，則這個題的答案一定在首段首句，考生應該把重點放在首段首句的理解上，而不要急于讀其他部分的句子。
13. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, .(1997, Passage 2，55題)
14. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroomis. (1999, Passage 3，59題)
15.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regardedif.(2000,Passage 5，67題)
16.What is the typical trend of businesses today? (2001,Passage 4, 63題)
17.Human ingenuity was initiallydemonstrated in.(2002，Text 2，46題)
首段末句破題法
題型特點：
一個閱讀材料后面的第一個題是細節題，且題干中的核心詞在首段首句中沒有被置于重要的位置或者沒有出現，或者四個選項所表達的意思在首句中沒有明確的近義表達出現，首段首句則不是這個段落的主題句，則這種題的答案應在首段末句出現，首段末句是這個段落的主題句。
解題思路：
當發現閱讀材料后面的第一個題是細節題，且題干中的核心詞在首句中沒有出現或不在重要位置，則應迅速讀末句以確定答案。
18.“Creationism” in the passage refers to.(1996， Passage 5，67題)
19.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause.(2000,Passage 1，51題)
絕招5.轉折傳義法
題型特點：
一篇閱讀文章后面的第一個題如果不是主旨題或態度題，而是細節題，根據題干中的關鍵詞在文中首段首句難以確定題干和首句的關系，則如果首段中有轉折詞，應重點分析理解轉折詞之后的內容。
解題思路：
做題過程中考生應牢牢抓住轉折詞之后的句子，判斷四個選項中哪一個選項跟轉折詞之后的成分語義是近意的，則這個選項就是答案。
首段對比轉折
20.The third sentence of paragraph 1implies that. (1998, Passage 1，51題)
21.What used to be the danger in being a manaccording to the first paragraph? (2000,Passage 2，55題)
22.Digital divideis something. (2001，Passage 2，55題)
文中轉折傳義（1996.55；1996.58；2001.56;2001.58;2001.60;2001.62;2001.68）
23.The world famous BBC now faces(1996， Passage 2，55題)
24.Governments attach importance to the Internetbecause it. (2001，Passage 2，56題)25.It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .
26.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .
27.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its |
